As I mentioned in the post, had her bones been composed of anything besides vibranium, she would have been sent flying. Vibranium has the unique property of being able to literally absorb kinetic energy, so as soon as the energy from the punch reached her bones it was gone. He'd have to keep pushing in order to physically move her farther than an inch or two. So the force of the punch wouldn't do anything to jar the claw out of his side (it's only one claw, btw, which is what had me confused, since there would only be one cut).
In regards to the expulsion of energy, the fact that he had time to say something made me think it would have been fired after the claws hit his arm, since even a single syllable would be far longer than it would take for the claws to hit.