MOAR SCIENCE!!!
VASIMR stands for VAriable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket! It is comprised of several different components. First and foremost is the fuel injection system which, just like it sounds, injects fuel into the system. The fuel injection system is connected to a quartz tube which carries the fuel (Hydrogen or Helium) through the engine until it passes though a coil called a Helicon Antenna which strips the Hydrogen/Helium atoms of electrons so they become ionized atoms.
At this point the ionized gas has left the quartz tube and is contained by an electromagnetic field produced by several superconducting magnetic coils that form a cylindrical barrier for the ionized gas to pass through. That's the 'Magneto' part of Magnetoplasma but there still isn't any plasma!
Plasma exists as super heated gas and is most notably found in fusion reactions (like inside of a star). In order for the ionized gas to become plasma it has to become SUPER heated. To do that you need the last component of the VASIMR engine. The ICRH Antenna, which I honestly don't even fully understand how it works, heats the ionized gas into plasma at many millions of degrees Kelvin.
As we all know, a gas will always try to expand to fill it's container and the same is true for plasma, so as the newly formed plasma tries it's best to expand it starts to put itself under enormous pressure. Remember the Magnetic field that keeps all the gas and plasma in one place? It has an opening at the rear of the engine. That means that all the force of the super heated plasma will escape through that opening and burst out of the engine propelling the spacecraft forward.
The amount of thrust generated through this method is almost entirely dependant on the temperature at which the plasma is heated. Hotter plasma has more energy and more energy equals more thrust. Conversely, cooler plasma has less energy and therfore less thrust. So the way that a VASIMR engine varies it's throttle is by adjusting the intensity of the ICRH Antenna which heats the plasma.